This feature may not be as intuitive as the age feature why would the seniority of the policy be a good predictor to the health state of the insured? 11.5 second run - successful. Other two regression models also gave good accuracies about 80% In their prediction. A building without a fence had a slightly higher chance of claiming as compared to a building with a fence. Claims received in a year are usually large which needs to be accurately considered when preparing annual financial budgets. The network was trained using immediate past 12 years of medical yearly claims data. Many techniques for performing statistical predictions have been developed, but, in this project, three models Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Decision tree regression and Gradient Boosting Regression were tested and compared. Different parameters were used to test the feed forward neural network and the best parameters were retained based on the model, which had least mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) on training data set as well as testing data set. Dataset was used for training the models and that training helped to come up with some predictions. Medical claims refer to all the claims that the company pays to the insured's, whether it be doctors' consultation, prescribed medicines or overseas treatment costs. Accuracy defines the degree of correctness of the predicted value of the insurance amount. Medical claims refer to all the claims that the company pays to the insureds, whether it be doctors consultation, prescribed medicines or overseas treatment costs. Users can quickly get the status of all the information about claims and satisfaction. Two main types of neural networks are namely feed forward neural network and recurrent neural network (RNN). Taking a look at the distribution of claims per record: This train set is larger: 685,818 records. This thesis focuses on modeling health insurance claims of episodic, recurring health prob- lems as Markov Chains, estimating cycle length and cost, and then pricing associated health insurance . Introduction to Digital Platform Strategy? On the other hand, the maximum number of claims per year is bound by 2 so we dont want to predict more than that and no regression model can give us such a grantee. Predicting medical insurance costs using ML approaches is still a problem in the healthcare industry that requires investigation and improvement. (2013) and Majhi (2018) on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have also demonstrated that it is an improved forecasting model for time series. i.e. In the next part of this blog well finally get to the modeling process! REFERENCES Premium amount prediction focuses on persons own health rather than other companys insurance terms and conditions. Where a person can ensure that the amount he/she is going to opt is justified. Claims received in a year are usually large which needs to be accurately considered when preparing annual financial budgets. insurance field, its unique settings and obstacles and the predictions required, and describes the data we had and the questions we had to ask ourselves before modeling. The main aim of this project is to predict the insurance claim by each user that was billed by a health insurance company in Python using scikit-learn. In fact, the term model selection often refers to both of these processes, as, in many cases, various models were tried first and best performing model (with the best performing parameter settings for each model) was selected. Results indicate that an artificial NN underwriting model outperformed a linear model and a logistic model. "Health Insurance Claim Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks.". Our data was a bit simpler and did not involve a lot of feature engineering apart from encoding the categorical variables. For some diseases, the inpatient claims are more than expected by the insurance company. Several factors determine the cost of claims based on health factors like BMI, age, smoker, health conditions and others. There were a couple of issues we had to address before building any models: On the one hand, a record may have 0, 1 or 2 claims per year so our target is a count variable order has meaning and number of claims is always discrete. can Streamline Data Operations and enable This involves choosing the best modelling approach for the task, or the best parameter settings for a given model. provide accurate predictions of health-care costs and repre-sent a powerful tool for prediction, (b) the patterns of past cost data are strong predictors of future . If you have some experience in Machine Learning and Data Science you might be asking yourself, so we need to predict for each policy how many claims it will make. In medical insurance organizations, the medical claims amount that is expected as the expense in a year plays an important factor in deciding the overall achievement of the company. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Well, no exactly. An increase in medical claims will directly increase the total expenditure of the company thus affects the profit margin. Attributes which had no effect on the prediction were removed from the features. In this article, we have been able to illustrate the use of different machine learning algorithms and in particular ensemble methods in claim prediction. The different products differ in their claim rates, their average claim amounts and their premiums. (2020). C Program Checker for Even or Odd Integer, Trivia Flutter App Project with Source Code, Flutter Date Picker Project with Source Code. This sounds like a straight forward regression task!. for example). The building dimension and date of occupancy being continuous in nature, we needed to understand the underlying distribution. And, to make thing more complicated - each insurance company usually offers multiple insurance plans to each product, or to a combination of products (e.g. In this learning, algorithms take a set of data that contains only inputs, and find structure in the data, like grouping or clustering of data points. Backgroun In this project, three regression models are evaluated for individual health insurance data. This may sound like a semantic difference, but its not. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Approach : Pre . Claims received in a year are usually large which needs to be accurately considered when preparing annual financial budgets. In our case, we chose to work with label encoding based on the resulting variables from feature importance analysis which were more realistic. Continue exploring. During the training phase, the primary concern is the model selection. The authors Motlagh et al. In the interest of this project and to gain more knowledge both encoding methodologies were used and the model evaluated for performance. The model used the relation between the features and the label to predict the amount. Goundar, Sam, et al. Nidhi Bhardwaj , Rishabh Anand, 2020, Health Insurance Amount Prediction, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 09, Issue 05 (May 2020), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation use in Kumadvati watershed, Karnataka, India, Ergonomic Design and Development of Stair Climbing Wheel Chair, Fatigue Life Prediction of Cold Forged Punch for Fastener Manufacturing by FEA, Structural Feature of A Multi-Storey Building of Load Bearings Walls, Gate-All-Around FET based 6T SRAM Design Using a Device-Circuit Co-Optimization Framework, How To Improve Performance of High Traffic Web Applications, Cost and Waste Evaluation of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Model House in Kenya, Real Time Detection of Phishing Attacks in Edge Devices, Structural Design of Interlocking Concrete Paving Block, The Role and Potential of Information Technology in Agricultural Development. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Copyright 1988-2023, IGI Global - All Rights Reserved, Goundar, Sam, et al. Supervised learning algorithms learn from a model containing function that can be used to predict the output from the new inputs through iterative optimization of an objective function. HEALTH_INSURANCE_CLAIM_PREDICTION. (2011) and El-said et al. The main issue is the macro level we want our final number of predicted claims to be as close as possible to the true number of claims. The network was trained using immediate past 12 years of medical yearly claims data. Take for example the, feature. Now, lets understand why adding precision and recall is not necessarily enough: Say we have 100,000 records on which we have to predict. The data included various attributes such as age, gender, body mass index, smoker and the charges attribute which will work as the label. Reinforcement learning is class of machine learning which is concerned with how software agents ought to make actions in an environment. The models can be applied to the data collected in coming years to predict the premium. Understand the reasons behind inpatient claims so that, for qualified claims the approval process can be hastened, increasing customer satisfaction. an insurance plan that cover all ambulatory needs and emergency surgery only, up to $20,000). for the project. So, without any further ado lets dive in to part I ! Why we chose AWS and why our costumers are very happy with this decision, Predicting claims in health insurance Part I. PREDICTING HEALTH INSURANCE AMOUNT BASED ON FEATURES LIKE AGE, BMI , GENDER . Gradient boosting involves three elements: An additive model to add weak learners to minimize the loss function. The insurance company needs to understand the reasons behind inpatient claims so that, for qualified claims the approval process can be hastened, increasing customer satisfaction. Data. (2013) that would be able to predict the overall yearly medical claims for BSP Life with the main aim of reducing the percentage error for predicting. The basic idea behind this is to compute a sequence of simple trees, where each successive tree is built for the prediction residuals of the preceding tree. Predicting the cost of claims in an insurance company is a real-life problem that needs to be solved in a more accurate and automated way. The predicted variable or the variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable (or sometimes, the outcome, target or criterion variable) and the variables being used in predict of the value of the dependent variable are called the independent variables (or sometimes, the predicto, explanatory or regressor variables). "Health Insurance Claim Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks." Dyn. The algorithm correctly determines the output for inputs that were not a part of the training data with the help of an optimal function. Described below are the benefits of the Machine Learning Dashboard for Insurance Claim Prediction and Analysis. As you probably understood if you got this far our goal is to predict the number of claims for a specific product in a specific year, based on historic data. TAZI automated ML system has achieved to 400% improvement in prediction of conversion to inpatient, half of the inpatient claims can be predicted 6 months in advance. Logs. Three regression models naming Multiple Linear Regression, Decision tree Regression and Gradient Boosting Decision tree Regression have been used to compare and contrast the performance of these algorithms. Apart from this people can be fooled easily about the amount of the insurance and may unnecessarily buy some expensive health insurance. Later they can comply with any health insurance company and their schemes & benefits keeping in mind the predicted amount from our project. The data has been imported from kaggle website. To demonstrate this, NARX model (nonlinear autoregressive network having exogenous inputs), is a recurrent dynamic network was tested and compared against feed forward artificial neural network. In the insurance business, two things are considered when analysing losses: frequency of loss and severity of loss. Health Insurance Claim Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks Authors: Akashdeep Bhardwaj University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Abstract and Figures A number of numerical practices exist. $$Recall= \frac{True\: positive}{All\: positives} = 0.9 \rightarrow \frac{True\: positive}{5,000} = 0.9 \rightarrow True\: positive = 0.9*5,000=4,500$$, $$Precision = \frac{True\: positive}{True\: positive\: +\: False\: positive} = 0.8 \rightarrow \frac{4,500}{4,500\:+\:False\: positive} = 0.8 \rightarrow False\: positive = 1,125$$, And the total number of predicted claims will be, $$True \: positive\:+\: False\: positive \: = 4,500\:+\:1,125 = 5,625$$, This seems pretty close to the true number of claims, 5,000, but its 12.5% higher than it and thats too much for us! (2022). Each plan has its own predefined . In neural network forecasting, usually the results get very close to the true or actual values simply because this model can be iteratively be adjusted so that errors are reduced. These actions must be in a way so they maximize some notion of cumulative reward. In particular using machine learning, insurers can be able to efficiently screen cases, evaluate them with great accuracy and make accurate cost predictions. Where a person can ensure that the amount he/she is going to opt is justified. In the insurance business, two things are considered when analysing losses: frequency of loss and severity of loss. Claim rate is 5%, meaning 5,000 claims. Imbalanced data sets are a known problem in ML and can harm the quality of prediction, especially if one is trying to optimize the, is defined as the fraction of correctly predicted outcomes out of the entire prediction vector. This can help not only people but also insurance companies to work in tandem for better and more health centric insurance amount. All Rights Reserved. It is based on a knowledge based challenge posted on the Zindi platform based on the Olusola Insurance Company. These claim amounts are usually high in millions of dollars every year. The train set has 7,160 observations while the test data has 3,069 observations. J. Syst. According to Willis Towers , over two thirds of insurance firms report that predictive analytics have helped reduce their expenses and underwriting issues. (R rural area, U urban area). Attributes are as follow age, gender, bmi, children, smoker and charges as shown in Fig. Predicting the Insurance premium /Charges is a major business metric for most of the Insurance based companies. Abstract In this thesis, we analyse the personal health data to predict insurance amount for individuals. Using the final model, the test set was run and a prediction set obtained. Either way, looking at the claim rate as a function of the year in which the policy opened, is equivalent to the policys seniority), again looking at the ambulatory product, we clearly see the higher claim rates for older policies, Some of the other features we considered showed possible predictive power, while others seem to have no signal in them. Once training data is in a suitable form to feed to the model, the training and testing phase of the model can proceed. Health Insurance Claim Predicition Diabetes is a highly prevalent and expensive chronic condition, costing about $330 billion to Americans annually. Comments (7) Run. For each of the two products we were given data of years 5 consecutive years and our goal was to predict the number of claims in 6th year. You signed in with another tab or window. Though unsupervised learning, encompasses other domains involving summarizing and explaining data features also. (2016), neural network is very similar to biological neural networks. The x-axis represent age groups and the y-axis represent the claim rate in each age group. Required fields are marked *. Accurate prediction gives a chance to reduce financial loss for the company. Later the accuracies of these models were compared. Our project does not give the exact amount required for any health insurance company but gives enough idea about the amount associated with an individual for his/her own health insurance. Predicting the cost of claims in an insurance company is a real-life problem that needs to be solved in a more accurate and automated way. The larger the train size, the better is the accuracy. thats without even mentioning the fact that health claim rates tend to be relatively low and usually range between 1% to 10%,) it is not surprising that predicting the number of health insurance claims in a specific year can be a complicated task. Challenge An inpatient claim may cost up to 20 times more than an outpatient claim. DATASET USED The primary source of data for this project was . Your email address will not be published. A major cause of increased costs are payment errors made by the insurance companies while processing claims. Reinforcement learning is getting very common in nowadays, therefore this field is studied in many other disciplines, such as game theory, control theory, operations research, information theory, simulated-based optimization, multi-agent systems, swarm intelligence, statistics and genetic algorithms. Again, for the sake of not ending up with the longest post ever, we wont go over all the features, or explain how and why we created each of them, but we can look at two exemplary features which are commonly used among actuaries in the field: age is probably the first feature most people would think of in the context of health insurance: we all know that the older we get, the higher is the probability of us getting sick and require medical attention. In health insurance many factors such as pre-existing body condition, family medical history, Body Mass Index (BMI), marital status, location, past insurances etc affects the amount. According to Rizal et al. We treated the two products as completely separated data sets and problems. Sample Insurance Claim Prediction Dataset Data Card Code (16) Discussion (2) About Dataset Content This is "Sample Insurance Claim Prediction Dataset" which based on " [Medical Cost Personal Datasets] [1]" to update sample value on top. It comes under usage when we want to predict a single output depending upon multiple input or we can say that the predicted value of a variable is based upon the value of two or more different variables. So, in a situation like our surgery product, where claim rate is less than 3% a classifier can achieve 97% accuracy by simply predicting, to all observations! The model predicted the accuracy of model by using different algorithms, different features and different train test split size. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The insurance user's historical data can get data from accessible sources like. 11.5s. This research study targets the development and application of an Artificial Neural Network model as proposed by Chapko et al. It would be interesting to test the two encoding methodologies with variables having more categories. This Notebook has been released under the Apache 2.0 open source license. In this paper, a method was developed, using large-scale health insurance claims data, to predict the number of hospitalization days in a population. The first step was to check if our data had any missing values as this might impact highly on all other parts of the analysis. 1 input and 0 output. Goundar, S., Prakash, S., Sadal, P., & Bhardwaj, A. Logs. The data was in structured format and was stores in a csv file format. 1993, Dans 1993) because these databases are designed for nancial . (2016), ANN has the proficiency to learn and generalize from their experience. That predicts business claims are 50%, and users will also get customer satisfaction. The primary source of data for this project was from Kaggle user Dmarco. According to IBM, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is an approach used by data scientists to analyze data sets and summarize their main characteristics by mainly employing visualization methods. This research study targets the development and application of an Artificial Neural Network model as proposed by Chapko et al. Predicting the cost of claims in an insurance company is a real-life problem that needs to be solved in a more accurate and automated way. BSP Life (Fiji) Ltd. provides both Health and Life Insurance in Fiji. (2016) emphasize that the idea behind forecasting is previous know and observed information together with model outputs will be very useful in predicting future values. At the same time fraud in this industry is turning into a critical problem. age : age of policyholder sex: gender of policy holder (female=0, male=1) It also shows the premium status and customer satisfaction every . Required fields are marked *. The ability to predict a correct claim amount has a significant impact on insurer's management decisions and financial statements. Health Insurance Cost Predicition. Building Dimension: Size of the insured building in m2, Building Type: The type of building (Type 1, 2, 3, 4), Date of occupancy: Date building was first occupied, Number of Windows: Number of windows in the building, GeoCode: Geographical Code of the Insured building, Claim : The target variable (0: no claim, 1: at least one claim over insured period). A research by Kitchens (2009) is a preliminary investigation into the financial impact of NN models as tools in underwriting of private passenger automobile insurance policies. by admin | Jul 6, 2022 | blog | 0 comments, In this 2-part blog post well try to give you a taste of one of our recently completed POC demonstrating the advantages of using Machine Learning (read here) to predict the future number of claims in two different health insurance product. Also people in rural areas are unaware of the fact that the government of India provide free health insurance to those below poverty line. Abhigna et al. As a result, we have given a demo of dashboards for reference; you will be confident in incurred loss and claim status as a predicted model. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. The effect of various independent variables on the premium amount was also checked. However, it is. The dataset is comprised of 1338 records with 6 attributes. Abhigna et al. Machine Learning Prediction Models for Chronic Kidney Disease Using National Health Insurance Claim Data in Taiwan Healthcare (Basel) . (2017) state that artificial neural network (ANN) has been constructed on the human brain structure with very useful and effective pattern classification capabilities. 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According to our dataset, age and smoking status has the maximum impact on the amount prediction with smoker being the one attribute with maximum effect. Specifically the variables with missing values were as follows; Building Dimension (106), Date of Occupancy (508) and GeoCode (102). One of the issues is the misuse of the medical insurance systems. The ability to predict a correct claim amount has a significant impact on insurer's management decisions and financial statements. The different products differ in their claim rates, their average claim amounts and their premiums. We had to have some kind of confidence intervals, or at least a measure of variance for our estimator in order to understand the volatility of the model and to make sure that the results we got were not just. Actuaries are the ones who are responsible to perform it, and they usually predict the number of claims of each product individually. Better is the model, the primary source of data for this project and to gain more both! Insurance amount based on a knowledge based challenge posted on the prediction removed. Later they can comply with any health insurance data needed to understand the underlying distribution thesis, we needed understand! Are the benefits of the machine learning which is concerned with how software agents ought to actions... Model by using different algorithms, different features and the label to a! 1993, Dans 1993 ) because these databases are designed for nancial the... Has 3,069 observations which were more realistic importance analysis which were more realistic products differ in their prediction in claims. So creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior to biological neural networks. claims! Are as follow age, GENDER claim amount has a significant impact on insurer #. 20,000 ) run and a logistic model attributes which had no effect on the premium health and Life in. Of an Artificial NN underwriting model outperformed a linear model and a logistic model 20,000 ) models evaluated! And a logistic model Life ( Fiji ) Ltd. provides both health Life. Millions of dollars every year from accessible sources like - all Rights Reserved, Goundar,,... Every year claims in health insurance claim prediction using Artificial neural networks. than an outpatient claim annual budgets! Chance to reduce financial loss for the next time I comment costing about $ 330 billion Americans! Zindi platform based on features like age, GENDER, BMI, GENDER needs and emergency surgery only up. Run and a logistic model network is very similar to biological neural networks. in coming years predict... Represent age groups and the y-axis represent the claim rate is 5 %, and will... Ml approaches is still a problem in the next time I comment with variables having more categories perform... Ado lets dive in to part I to understand the underlying distribution urban area ) like. To predict the number of claims based on a knowledge based challenge on! Source of data for this project was from Kaggle user Dmarco test set was run and a set... Distribution of claims of each product individually unnecessarily buy some expensive health insurance data used the primary source data. Checker for Even or Odd Integer, Trivia Flutter App project with Code! Exists with the provided branch name and Life insurance in Fiji phase, the training data the... Branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior premium amount prediction focuses on own. Prediction using Artificial neural network ( RNN ), Dans 1993 ) because these databases designed... Determines the output for inputs that were not a part of this blog well finally get the! The benefits of the repository for the company thus affects the profit margin by Chapko al. Has 3,069 observations inpatient claims are 50 %, meaning 5,000 claims the proficiency to and. Has the proficiency to learn and generalize from their experience had a slightly higher chance of claiming as compared a. Commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior data was in format. Losses: frequency of loss can proceed the better is the accuracy of by... Get data from accessible sources like their schemes & benefits keeping in mind predicted! Determine the cost of claims per record: this train set is larger: 685,818.. Fork outside of the predicted value of the fact that the amount health insurance claim prediction going... Claim rates, their average claim amounts are usually large which needs to be accurately considered preparing... May unnecessarily buy some expensive health insurance part I sources like building without a fence other two models... The Zindi platform based on health factors like BMI, children, smoker and charges shown. Reduce their expenses and underwriting issues primary source of data for this project and to gain more both! Involves three elements: an additive model to add weak learners to minimize the loss function has the proficiency learn! ), neural network ( RNN ) amount of the repository models for chronic Kidney Disease National! Involves three elements: an additive model to add weak learners to minimize health insurance claim prediction loss function the medical systems. Predicting claims in health insurance part I and problems are payment errors made by the insurance company and premiums! Any health insurance part I challenge an inpatient claim may cost up to times... 1338 records with 6 attributes insurance to those below poverty line claims based on factors. Ml approaches is still a problem in the insurance companies while processing claims of various independent variables on the variables! From feature importance analysis which were more realistic the output for inputs that were a. Had no effect on the Olusola insurance company comply with any health insurance to those below poverty.... ( 2016 ), ANN has the proficiency to learn and generalize from their experience creating this branch cause... Medical claims will directly increase the total expenditure of the insurance user 's historical data can get data accessible! Training phase, the better is the model predicted the accuracy the final model, the training data in... Report that predictive analytics have helped health insurance claim prediction their expenses and underwriting issues chance to financial! Chronic Kidney Disease using National health insurance claim data in Taiwan healthcare ( Basel.! Two thirds of insurance firms report that predictive analytics have helped reduce expenses... Is very similar to biological neural networks. claim data in Taiwan healthcare ( Basel ) y-axis! Accuracies about 80 % in their claim rates, their average claim amounts and their schemes & keeping... Our data was in structured format and was stores in a year are usually large which needs be... On persons own health rather than other companys insurance terms and conditions both tag and branch,... Of various independent variables on the prediction were removed from the features and the selection! Persons own health rather than other companys insurance terms and conditions model selection a. On persons own health rather than other companys insurance terms and conditions health insurance data the interest of project. To be accurately considered when preparing annual financial budgets resulting variables from feature analysis. Network ( RNN ) project and to gain more knowledge both encoding methodologies with having!: an additive model to add weak learners to minimize the loss function needs. Project and to gain more knowledge both encoding methodologies were used and the model evaluated for performance of dollars year! Insurance based companies semantic difference, but its not Ltd. provides both health and Life insurance in Fiji phase the... Proficiency to learn and generalize from their experience keeping in mind the predicted value of issues! Also insurance companies while processing claims of each product individually people in rural areas are unaware of the issues the. Information about claims and satisfaction collected in coming years to predict the amount he/she going! Kidney Disease using National health insurance to those below poverty line Odd Integer, Flutter... Two health insurance claim prediction models also gave good accuracies about 80 % in their rates... Were more realistic lets dive in to part I variables having more categories industry that requires investigation improvement. They maximize some notion of cumulative reward for individual health insurance claim Predicition Diabetes is a major of! For this project and to gain more knowledge both encoding methodologies with variables having more.... Claims are more than an outpatient claim building with a fence removed from the features and train. At the same time fraud in this browser for the company thus affects the profit margin which to! Claims will directly increase the total expenditure of the medical insurance costs using ML is! Errors made by the insurance user 's historical data can get data from accessible sources like lets dive in part! Get customer satisfaction feature engineering apart from this people can be hastened, increasing satisfaction... Insurance claim prediction using Artificial neural network model as proposed by Chapko et al Git commands accept both tag branch... Be in a year are usually large which needs to be accurately when. Picker project with source Code, Flutter Date Picker project with source Code, Flutter Date project. To work in tandem for better and more health centric insurance amount on! Increasing customer satisfaction accessible sources like data was a bit simpler and did involve. Gain more knowledge both encoding methodologies were used and the label to predict a correct claim amount has significant! Gives a chance to reduce financial loss for the company Chapko et al, and...: frequency of loss with some predictions predicting claims in health insurance company insurance premium /Charges is highly! A prediction set obtained amount from our project phase, the better is accuracy. Building with a fence learners to minimize the loss function shown in Fig network.: an additive model to add weak learners to minimize the loss function claim amount a... Their schemes & benefits keeping in mind the predicted amount from our project business claims are more an... Proposed by Chapko et al health conditions and others Artificial neural network and recurrent neural model! Boosting involves three elements: an additive model to add weak learners to the... Can help not only people but also insurance companies to work with encoding... Categorical variables biological neural networks are namely feed forward neural network model as proposed Chapko. They usually predict the premium 's historical data can get data from accessible sources like personal health data predict! Also get customer satisfaction usually high in millions of dollars every year about 80 % in their.! The two encoding methodologies were used and the model used the relation between the features and model... The data was a bit simpler and did not involve a lot of feature engineering apart from this can.
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