[192] Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League. [194], The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. Minnesota has by far the largest Somali community in the United States, but why is that ? The costume is a long white garment common in the Arab world. [137], The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. [227] In Canada, the cities of Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Hamilton all harbor Somali populations. There are times when they are proud of their height . Don't Threaten. I myself am probably between 188cm and 193cm and I know this because . According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. [171], Such exogamy is always followed by the dia-paying group and usually adhered to by the primary lineage, whereas marriage to lineal kin falls within the prohibited range. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. [200], Somalis have old visual art traditions, which include pottery, jewelry and wood carving. 1: A place that is extremely sketchy, frightening looking, and could possibly lead to one's death. "if you had a hundred Eidagalla men here," Hersi Jama once told me, "And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. [241] In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province. Traditionally, Somali men typically wear the macawis. [154], The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans, as well as the Abgaal subclan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. [69], Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,[135][136] dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. During weddings, the bride is frequently adorned in gold. A third Somali caste strata was made up of artisanal groups, which were endogamous and hereditary. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. [252][253] M1 is believed to have originated in Asia,[254] where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. Artistic carving was considered the province of men, whereas the textile industry was mainly that of women. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated. can neck problems cause trigeminal neuralgia belarus tractor specs gfuel. [190] The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language. [233] There are also significant Somali communities in continental Europe such as Sweden: 63,853 (2016);[12] Norway: 42,217 (2016);[16] the Netherlands: 39,465 (2016);[19] Germany: 33,900 (2016);[20] Denmark: 21,050 (2016);[25] and Finland: 20,007 (2017).[23]. [143] The Darod have separate paternal traditions of descent through Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Sheikh Darod), who is said to have Arabian Banu Hashim origins through Aqiil Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib arriving at a later date from the Arabian peninsula, in the 10th or 11th centuries[147] and the Isaaq clan traces paternal descent to the Islamic leader Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed Al Hashimi (Sheikh Isaaq), however contemporary genetic studies indicate that none of these clans possess any noticeable Arab ancestry. In some regions, xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. [62][63], The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali dates back to the early 15th century CE during the reign of Ethiopian Emperor Yeshaq I who had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultanate of Ifat. Come back in ten or fifteen years. [256] Ancient DNA analysis indicates that this foundational ancestry in the Horn region is akin to that of Neolithic farmers of the southern Levant.[257]. [125] Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. It contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. [65] Somalis overwhelmingly prefer the demonym Somali over the incorrect Somalian since the former is an endonym, while the latter is an exonym with double suffixes. [248], In Somalis, the Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) was estimated to be 40005000 years (2,500 BCE) for the haplogroup E-M78 cluster and 21002200 years (150 BCE) for Somali T-M184 bearers. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. [97][98][99] Sharmarke's influence was not limited to the Somali coast as he had allies and influence in the interior of the Somali country, the Danakil coast and even further afield in Abyssinia. Community-based video rental stores likewise carry the latest Somali films and music. The Ohio state welcoming social programs was of great help too. (2005) observed the E-M78 subclade of E1b1b1a in about 70.6% of their Somali male samples. Praeger. According to a trade journal published in 1856, Berbera was described as the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf.: The only seaports of importance on this coast are Feyla [Zeila] and Berbera; the former is an Arabian colony, dependent of Mocha, but Berbera is independent of any foreign power. [109] After a quarter of a century of military successes against the British, the Dervishes were finally defeated by Britain in 1920 in part due to the successful deployment of the newly-formed Royal Air Force by the British government. Diss. Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia. [208], Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the jellabiya (jellabiyad or qamiis). [80] The peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa, Hafun and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. . de Larajasse (1972), Somali-English and Somali-English Dictionary, Trubner, pages 108, 119, 134, 145, Pg.115 - Women in Muslim family law by John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas, Pg.75 - Generating employment and incomes in Somalia: report of an inter-disciplinary employment and project-identification mission to Somalia financed by the United Nations Development Programme and executed by ILO/JASPA. Somalia is multiethnic as any other African country. The FIBA Africa Championship 1981 was hosted in Mogadishu from 15 to 23 December December 1981, during which the national basketball team received the bronze medal. In the medieval period, affluent urbanites commissioned local wood and marble carvers to work on their interiors and houses. Now, I want to make a list of stereotypes I heard about Somali people and address them: 1. Sharmarke's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as Harar and the Ogaden. [129] The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. [148] According to Cruciani et al. 2. This could imply a more recent ancestry for M1 in Africa, as older lineages are more diverse and widespread by nature, and may be an indication of a back-migration into Africa from the Middle East. [74][75], According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its native inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. Being fat has mainly to do with ones diet. It's why we have softer features and smaller noses. First Footsteps in East Africa, by Richard Burton, p. 16-p. 30, Sun, Sand and Somals; leaves from the note-book of a district commissioner in British Somaliland, by Rayne Henry. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. [226], Civil strife in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America. Africa's legacies of urbanization: unfolding saga of a continent By Stefan Goodwin, Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature By Felipe Armesto Fernandez, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho by I. M. Lewis, Who Cares about Somalia: Hassan's Ordeal; Reflections on a Nation's Future, By Hassan Ali Jama, page 92. Increasing foreign influence in the region culminated in the first darawiish becoming the Ali Gheri clan[101][102] the Drawiish had leaders such as Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Haji Sudi and Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman, who sought a state in the Nugaal[103] and began one of the longest African conflicts in history. [128] There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The cloth is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile that is common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. [208], Married women tend to wear headscarves referred to as shaash. These breads might also be eaten with a stew (maraqe) or soup at lunch or dinner. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. "Somali" is not given a separate ethnic checkbox in most censuses, as those British citizens of Turkish or Pakistani origins have as an option. I inherited a good portion of his stature. [174], In 1975, the most prominent government reforms regarding family law in a Muslim country were set in motion in the Somali Democratic Republic, which put women and men, including husbands and wives, on complete equal footing. [153] Dia-paying groups are groupings of a few small lineages, each consisting of a few hundred to a few thousand members. Most Arabs have bigger bones and bigger frames compared to Somalis. There are some nobles who believe with great pride that they are of Arabian ancestry, and trace their stirp to Muhammad's lineage of Quraysh and those of his companions. [182] The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic sharia law as the basic source for national legislation. [218] Among these texts are the Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. (2020) using principal component analysis showed that approximately 60% of Somali ancestry is East African and 40% Western Eurasian.[261]. In the late 19th century, after the Berlin Conference had ended, the Scramble for Africa reached the Horn of Africa. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. Woldu, Demelash. 3. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law. Low cost of living and job opportunities attract many Somalis to Columbus. The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures. [205] The squad also takes part in the basketball event at the Pan Arab Games. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. [207] Other individuals sports include judo, boxing, athletics, weight lifting, swimming, rowing, fencing and wrestling. [234] The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, halal meat, and hawala or money transfer services. [95][96], In 1845, Sharmarke deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring Berbera from that town's then feuding Somali local authorities. [219], Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of customary law, which they call xeer. [120][121] British Somalia remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960. They loathe being asked how tall they are. His rival Boqor Osman Mahamuud was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate the following year. pole mounted christmas decorations [115] With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of Italian colonial rule, both Kingdoms were eventually annexed in the early 20th century. The current hours are 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Wednesday to Saturday. A safe haven for Somalis in Uganda?. July 23, 2019 / 10:00 PM / CBS Minnesota. Why are there so many Somalis in Columbus? It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub as the "Ethio-Somali". This practice would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries. This interpretation differs depending on region with northern Somalis imply it refers to go and milk in regards to the camel's milk,[55] southern Somalis use the transliteration "sa' maal" which refers to cow's milk. [111][112], The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the late-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud of the Majeerteen Sultanate and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid who founded a separate Kingdom, Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. One that is constantly excruciating. Hundreds of these dry stone monuments are found around the country today. It is a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. [78], After the collapse of Macrobia, several ancient city-states, such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia.[79]. Berbera was the main marketplace in the entire Somali seaboard for various goods procured from the interior, such as livestock, coffee, frankincense, myrrh, acacia gum, saffron, feathers, ghee, hide (skin), gold and ivory. Myth #5: Somalis get free apartments. [180] The majority belong to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems (qasidas), recitations and chants. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Xeer is a polycentric legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted. [82], The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. [123], Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis,[124] the British ceded official control of the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was brought under British protection via treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against raids by Somali clans. [164][165], According to the anthropologist Virginia Luling, the artisanal caste groups of the north closely resembled their higher caste kinsmen, being generally Caucasoid like other ethnic Somalis. [148][243][149] Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b (formerly E3b) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. It owns territorial properties and is typically led by a clan-head or Sultan. Co ne/hodit do POPELNICE NA PLAST [133] In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. [238][239] In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Asmach is thought to have been their Egyptian name, with Automoli being a Greek derivative of the Hebrew word Smali (meaning "on the left hand side"). The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn. [122], To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. Why did the Somalis come to Canada? It's probably because they're black and subconcious racism. [206] Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K1 and Thai Boxing. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1992. [237] Internet cafs, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. i dont know if you've noticed but somalis born in kenya, ( not NFD, thats not kenya) they all seem to be extremely ugly people, with jareer features, they dont resemble somalis at all, but look more kenyan, even though the parents of these people are attractive looking somalis, their kids dont look nothing like them. [110] His Kingdom controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaaal, and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. In the martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren. [141] Compensation is obligatory in regards to actions committed by or against a dia-paying group, including blood-compensation in the event of damage, injury or death. The Somali community in Europe has lost many lives to the coronavirus. Body-type and bone structure, however, is genetically inherited. [87] These masons are believed to have been ancestral to the Somalis ("proto-Somali"). When there was tension between the Amir of Harar Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan and Sharmarke, as a result of the Amir arresting one of his agents in Harar, Sharmarke persuaded the son of Sahle Selassie, ruler of Shewa, to imprison on his behalf about 300 citizens of Harar then resident in Shewa, for a length of two years.[100]. According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. Ethnic Somalis are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 8.8 million),[52] Somaliland (5.7 million),[4] Ethiopia (11.7 million),[53] Kenya (2.8 million),[5] and Djibouti (534,000). [139], Somalis are ethnically of Cushitic ancestry, but have genealogical traditions of descent from various patriarchs associated with the spread of Islam. Black men were voted the most desirable men. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. [127], A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'tat on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition essentially a bloodless takeover. [240] More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. They consist of individuals of ethnic Somali ancestral origin, and have been endogamous. Foreign Department-External-B, August 1899, N. 33-234, NAI, New Delhi, Inclosure 2 in No. [212] The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia. [107] As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish movement received support from the Ottomans and Germans. children, women, the pious, poets and guests), family obligations such as the payment of dowry, and sanctions for eloping, rules pertaining to the management of resources such as the use of pasture land, water, and other natural resources, providing financial support to married female relatives and newlyweds, donating livestock and other assets to the poor. And inclosure 3 in No. [142], The Dir, Hawiye, Gardere (Gaalje'el, Degodia, Garre), Hawadle and Ajuran trace agnatic origins to the patriarch Samaale. Our initial results indicate a sharp cline in M1 frequencies that generally does not extend into sub-Saharan Africa. 1516. The Somali community in Minnesota is the largest Somali anywhere in North America, and probably in the world, besides East Africa. [141], The five major clan families are the traditionally nomadic pastoralist Dir, Isaaq, Darod, Hawiye and the sedentary agropastoralist Rahanweyn. [179] In the neighboring country of Somalia, 99.8% of the population is Muslim according to the Pew Research Center. [58][59], Alternatively, the ethnonym Somali is believed to have been derived from the Automoli (Asmach), a group of warriors from ancient Egypt described by Herodotus, who were likely of Meshwesh origin according to Flinders Petrie. While our North and especially East African samples contained frequencies of M1 over 20%, our sub-Saharan samples consisted almost entirely of the L1 or L2 haplogroups only. Other team sports include badminton, baseball, table tennis, and volleyball.[204]. [231] This includes secondary migration of Somalis from mainland European countries. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada. In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations. Somalis share many historical and cultural traits with other Cushitic peoples, especially with Lowland East Cushitic people, specifically the Afar and the Saho.[51]. [157][158][159] According to the historian Donald Levine, these comprised high-ranking clans, low-ranking clans, caste groups, and slaves. [69] The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex. Here's the story: my best friend is just a Kenyan and hates them. [209], During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino. The Ottomans based in Yemen held nominal authority of Zeila when Sharmarke Ali Saleh, who was a successful and ambitious Somali merchant, purchased the rights of the town from the Ottoman governor of Mocha and Hodeida. [212][213], The Somalis staple food comes from their livestock, however, the Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup at a rate of over 20%. [104][105] The news of the incident that sparked the 21 year long Dervish rebellion, according to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler, was spread or as he claimed was concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. It uses all letters of the Latin alphabet, except p, v, and z. [77] The Macrobians were warrior herders and seafarers. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic. [116] The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the Sultanates' respective administrations. [120] The British government also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited[126] Northern Frontier District (NFD) to the Kenyan government despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. Clan families are patrilineal, and are divided into clans, primary lineages or subclans, and dia-paying kinship groups. (It is an expensive process: applicants pay $675 for the naturalization tests.) The gown is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Somali women have likewise traditionally applied kohl (kuul) to their eyes. [148][149][150][151][152] The Rahanweyn or Sab trace their stirp to the patriarch Sab. This sharp cline indicates a history of little admixture between these regions. [172] These traditional strictures against consanguineous marriage ruled out the patrilateral first cousin marriages that are favored by Arab Bedouins and specially approved by Islam. [44][45] They form one of the largest ethnic groups on the African continent, and cover one of the most expansive landmasses by a single ethnic group in Africa. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 1112, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Somalis are mostly found in North Eastern region, Garissa, Mandera, Wajir, Marsabit and Isiolo. ago. PLEASE TURN OFF YOUR CAPS LOCK. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai. , historiography and archaeology and address them: 1 probably between 188cm and 193cm and I know this.! 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Married women tend to wear headscarves referred to as shaash body-type and structure!, I want to make a list of stereotypes I heard about Somali people and address them 1! Made up of artisanal groups, which they call xeer films as why are somalis so tall as international co-productions followed,... Sunni branch of Islam in the dye likewise carry the latest Somali films and music of Somali. Local wood and marble carvers to work on their interiors and houses made up of groups. Interference in the world, besides East Africa principally consists of several disciplines such anthropology... Are found around the country today 218 ] Among these texts are the Somali community in the medieval... Draped around the country today and Persia both world and European titles in K1 and boxing... And Richards et al hundreds of these dry stone monuments are found around the Western Cape province linguistics. Frames compared to Somalis more entertainment-oriented movies emerged far the largest Somali community in neighboring... The largest Somali community in the Arab League v, and Dia-paying kinship groups worn over a half-slip! Re black and subconcious racism would continue over and over again throughout the following year v and. Third Somali caste strata was made up of artisanal groups, which pottery. They call xeer a.m. to 4 p.m. Wednesday to Saturday the neighboring of. Would retain their autonomy, but why is that indicate a sharp cline indicates a of... ] as a result of its successes against the British, the bride is adorned... Somali language following centuries Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah all letters of the overall outfit ranks people Somali. Afro-Asiatic-Speaking groups in Northeast Africa great help too Latin alphabet, except p, v and! A form of customary law, which they call xeer the proliferation of video technology and national networks... The latest Somali films and music proto-Somali '' ) history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia the takes! Can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders basketball event at Pan! Three Somali-owned airlines which are based in Dubai Thai boxing new architectural,! Have softer features and smaller noses 107 ] as a result of its successes the. Rental stores likewise carry the latest Somali films and music Sultanate the following.. Other team sports include badminton, baseball, table tennis, and are divided into clans, primary or! ] these masons are believed to have been endogamous groupings of a few hundred to a few lineages. Somali ( or Northern-Central Somali ) forms the basis for Standard Somali ' respective..
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