' [159] Despite suffering 162 dead and missing and 159 wounded, the task force managed to bring in 300 badly needed infantrymen for the defense at Hagaru-ri. Operation Glory took place from July to November 1954, during which the dead of each side were exchanged. [133] As the front of RCT-31 made its way forward, heavy small arms fire caused many members of the rear guard to seek shelter below the road instead of protecting the trucks. Taplett's story is one of many told in "Chosin," by Eric Hammel, an hour-by-hour account of the retreat. [37], Although the 1st Marine Division landed at Wonsan as part of Almond's US XCorps, Almond and Major General Oliver P. Smith of the 1st Marine Division shared a mutual loathing of each other that dated back to a meeting before the landing at Inchon,[38] when Almond had spoken of how easy amphibious landings are even though he had never been involved in one. When you shake hands with him he gives you his left, flipped over. A career line officer, he resigned from the Corps rather than take a desk job. 2nd Lt. Joseph R. Owen led a rifle company with the 7th Marines, took 300 men out, had 30 left when he was finally wounded Dec. 8. // cutting the mustard You could see the Manchurian Mountains looking way out on the horizon in China. [13] The US Eighth Army advanced north through the western coast of the Korean Peninsula, while the Republic of Korea (ROK) I Corps and the US XCorps advanced north on the eastern coast. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. Here was a big rabbit beautiful, he was a beautiful rabbit. [218] From 2001 to 2005, more remains were recovered from the Chosin Battle site, and around 220 were recovered near the Chinese border between 1996 and 2006. Unknown year, a street in Bayonne, NJ was named Chosin Few Way. [44] The 9th Army initially committed eight[45] divisions for the battle,[46] with most of the forces concentrated at Yudami-ni and Sinhung-ni. When Taplett arrived at Yudam-ni he had 1,500 men. to reveal a packed mass of onrushing quilted figures just a few feet away. The temperature was below zero. The Chinese attacked at night, coming on in thick columns, then spreading out at the contact point, flowing through and around the defenders like some deadly, irresistible ooze. [182] In desperation, Song Shilun ordered these troops to dig in at Funchilin Pass, while blowing up the vital bridge (401355N 1271746E / 40.232N 127.296E / 40.232; 127.296), hoping the terrain and obstacles would allow the 26th and 27th Corps to catch up with the retreating UN forces. [239] The disregard by Far Eastern Command under MacArthur of the initial warnings and diplomatic hints by the PVA almost led the entire UN army to disaster at Ch'ongch'on River and Chosin Reservoir and only after the formation and stabilization of a coherent UN defensive line under Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway did the "period of headlong retreats from an attacking, unsuspected foe" cease. "At Chosin, the individual surpassed even his own capabilities," said Gen. Alpha L. Bowser, who flew from San Diego to speak at the reunion. Medical supplies froze; morphine syrettes had to be defrosted in a medic's mouth before they could be injected; blood plasma was frozen and useless on the battlefield. [148] The defending Americans managed to destroy the Chinese forces in counterattacks, while a breakdown of communications between the Chinese regiments allowed the gaps to close. Also a trained anthropologist, Hurston collected folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms. [152][153] It was dubbed "Task Force Drysdale" after its commander, Lieutenant Colonel Douglas B. Drysdale, who also commanded 41 Commando. [237], The battle ended the UN force's expectation of total victory, including the capture of North Korea and the reunification of the peninsula. Wiggle your toes or they'll freeze!' Faith laid out the difficulties of a breakout, particularly the 500 wounded that RCT-31 had to bring along. Monopoly es el juego de mesa favorito de Estados Unidos, una carta de amor al capitalismo desenfrenado y a nuestra sociedad de libre mercado. [187][188] The bridge, consisting of eight separate 18ft (5.5m) long, 2,900lb (1,300kg) sections, was dropped one section at a time, using a 48ft (15m) parachute on each section. [108], Believing that the defenders had been completely destroyed at the inlet, the Chinese stopped their attacks and proceeded to loot the American positions for food and clothing. It took us eight days to go 16 miles.'' [223], Eliot A. Cohen writes that the retreat from Chosin was a UN victory which inflicted such heavy losses on the PVA 9th Army that it was put out of action until March 1951. [88] To start the breakout, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (3/7) had to first attack south and capture Hills 1542 and 1419 in order to cover the road from Chinese attacks. [217] The 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals, of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans, with all but 416 identified by name. Chosin Reservoir was the first battle where the Marines employed helicopters and jet aircraft. Meet the influential author and key figure of the Harlem Renaissance. As for the UN forces, the 1st Marine Division had an effective strength of 25,473 men at the start of the battle,[53] and it was further reinforced by the British Royal Marines unit 41 (Independent) Commando and the equivalent of two regiments from the 3rd and 7th Army Infantry Divisions. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [103] The 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry, to the north of Sinhung-ni suffered heavy casualties,[104] while the 57th Field Artillery Battalion and the 3rd Battalion, 31st Infantry, were almost overrun at Pyungnyuri Inlet. Chosin Reservoir * It was bitter cold. The most crucial battle was in the northeast, at Chosin." After the successful Inchon landings in August 1950, just two months prior to the confrontation with Chinese forces at the Chosin Reservoir, it appeared that . Today, the men they call theChosin Few" are well into their 80s and 90s. In disgust, Lieutenant Colonel Don C. Faith, Jr., the commander of the 1/32nd Infantry, threw his medal into the snow. "We had the point position and were supposed to come into Hagaru-ri first, but when we were in sight of it, they pulled us off to the side and made us the rear guard. Pero detrs del mito de su creacin hay una historia sin contar sobre un robo, una obsesin y un doble juego corporativo. [173][174] In a last effort to stop the breakout,[173] the customary Chinese night attack was launched, with the 76th and 77th Division striking the Hagaru-ri perimeter from all directions. I had no idea." But there never was another action quite like Chosin, in which 15,000 Americans, mostly Marines, were surrounded by 120,000 Chinese at the climax of the Korean War and fought their way out over 78 miles of a one-lane dirt road writhing giddily between chasms and 2,500-foot cliffs, in blizzards and 30-below cold. The corps also had control of the Capital and 3rd divisions of the South Korean I Corps, He had 22 operations. [45] Four divisions of the PVA 26th Corps initially were held back in reserve, and deployed after 20th and 27th Corps had exhausted all their available strength. We're not retreating, we're just advancing in a different direction. This was eventually recognized in September 1999 when, for its actions at Chosin, Task Force Faith was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation, an award that General Smith blocked when it was first proposed in 1952. [139] The remnants of RCT-31 were formed into a provisional army battalion for the rest of the battle. He died in my arms. Theres no comparison between the two where physical hardship is concerned. } [72][73] As night came, three Chinese regiments of the 79th Division attacked the ridges on the north and northwest of Yudam-ni, hoping to annihilate the garrison in one stroke. Lieutenant Colonel Thomas L. Ridge, commander of 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines (3/1), predicted the Chinese attack would come on the night of 28 November. "It was difficult finding where the companies were. Chosin Survivors & - The Washington Post Chosin Survivors & By Michael Kernan December 1, 1984 They compare the retreat from Chosin Reservoir to Bataan, and to Dunkirk, and the Alamo, and. The 70yj anniversary of the. [83] Believing that any further assaults would be futile, Song Shilun ordered the 9th Army to switch their main attacks toward Sinhung-ni and Hagaru-ri,[83] leaving Yudam-ni alone from 28 to 30 November. [1] The UN forces at Chosin were also supported by one of the greatest concentrations of air power during the Korean War,[54] since the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing stationed at Yonpo Airfield and five aircraft carriers from the US Navy's Task Force 77 were able to launch 230 sorties daily to provide close air support during the battle,[54] while the US Air Force Far East Combat Cargo Command in Japan reached the capacity of airdropping 250 tons of supplies per day to resupply the trapped UN forces. [189] Four of these sections, together with additional wooden extensions were successfully reassembled into a replacement bridge by Marine Corps combat engineers and the US Army 58th Engineer Treadway Bridge Company on 9 December, enabling UN forces to proceed. [1] The road was created by cutting through the hilly terrain of Korea, with steep climbs and drops. [180], After the failure of the 26th Corps at Hagaru-ri, the PVA High Command ordered the 26th and 27th Corps to chase the escaping UN force, with the 20th Corps assigned to block the escape route. Although both sides agreed that Maclean was shot numerous times while running towards the Chinese soldiers, Chinese sources claim that Maclean was shot dead on the spot, while UN POWs stated that Maclean later died from his wounds while being moved to a POW camp. [215], During the battle, UN dead were buried at temporary grave sites along the road. Canteens froze and you had to work the bolt of your M-1 so it wouldn't freeze shut. The U.N. army fought its way north almost to the Yalu River at the Chinese frontier. Arlee and Robert Johnson, Marines, "I keep telling people my goal in life is to live until I'm 110 and be the last surviving member of the Chosin Few. Some survivors of the unit reached the Marine lines at Hagaru-ri on December 2. This number is calculated by inserting the 1st Marine Division's casualty data into the XCorps' total casualty report. He threw two grenades back at the enemy, lost a finger when the third blew up in his hand. Everyone lived on canned fruit. [39] Smith believed there were large numbers of Chinese forces in North Korea despite the fact that higher headquarters in Tokyo said otherwise,[40] but Almond felt Smith was overly cautious. Bill Beasley, Marines. [56] As a result, the 9th Army had almost no winter clothing for the harsh Korean winter. At Yudam-ni, the 5th, 7th and 11th Marines were surrounded and attacked by the PVA 79th and 89th Divisions, with the 59th Division attacking the road between Yudam-ni and Hagaru-ri to cut off communication. Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded. Ground Operations, October-November 1950 The Battle of Chosin is illustrative of the shifting tide of the Korean War in the wake of the Chinese Communist infiltration and, then, outright invasion across the Yalu River into North Korea. [138] Out of the original 2,500 soldiers, about 1,050 managed to reach Hagaru-ri, and only 385 survivors were deemed able-bodied. Lynn Atkins/The Weekly Vista Milt Walker, a survivor of the "most harrowing battle of the Korean War" displays the medals he received during a recent visit to Korea. Sargent Philip Hahn was awarded a purple heart after he and three others were hit with a mortar filled with white phosphorous. [98] Although strong air cover suppressed most of the Chinese forces for the rest of the march, the cold weather, harassing fire, raiding parties, and roadblocks slowed the retreat to a crawl, while inflicting numerous casualties. The Chosin Few is named after the Chosin Reservoir Battle where the fiercest fighting took place against the enemies of Chinese troops (around 120,000 Red Army). And she said, 'no.' Chosin was the place where the 1st Battalion 7th Marines, straggling into Hagaru-ri exhausted, ragged and half-starved after a week of last-ditch fighting, paused outside the town, dressed ranks, snapped their shoulders back and came swinging in as though on parade. [244][245][246], The Battle of Chosin Reservoir is regarded by some historians as the most brutal in modern warfare by violence, casualty rate, weather conditions, and endurance. Beads of ice formed in your beard and some had to go to a warming tent to have ice removed from their nostrils. Robert Henderson, Marines. Harold Barber, Marines, "We had just been so strong in World War II, I thought the Koreans aren't going to stand a chance against us. [135] Several parties tried to clear Hill 1221, but after taking part of the hill, the leaderless soldiers continued out onto the frozen reservoir instead of returning to the column. "My people were sloshing around in their goddam mukluks but it was felt there'd be no trouble once we got past Toktong Pass. And didn't know it. Click to View Online Archive. As a colonel, Bowser was operations officer of the 1st Marine Division. And I just looked in his eyes and he looked in mine, and he ran that way and I ran the other way." About 1,400 of the roughly 30,000 who survived the battle remain, and of those 160 are expected in San Diego this week. It haunted me for years choosing who would live and would die." He writes that the retreat from Chosin following a "massive strategic victory" by the Chinese has been represented as "a moment of heroic history" for the UN forces. "The stuff was everywhere it's white and it just burns your whole skin. The road's quality was poor, and in some places it was reduced to a one lane gravel trail. Then they were gone." [13], At the same time the People's Republic of China entered the conflict after issuing several warnings to the United Nations. Linus Chism, Marines, "We were at the Imjin River. They found themselves freezing and surrounded at the Chosin Reservoir. [44] Caught by complete surprise, the UN forces were cut off at Yudam-ni, Sinhung-ni, Hagaru-ri and Kot'o-ri by 28 November. [203] The 1st Marine Division also reported 7,338 non-battle casualties due to the cold weather, adding up to a total of 17,833 casualties. Battle of Chosin Reservior Maj. Gen. O.P. [122], On 30 November, Major General David G. Barr, the commander of the 7th Infantry Division, flew into Sinhung-ni and met with Faith, who by now had assumed command of RCT-31. [22][23] In response, Major General Edward M. Almond, commander of the US XCorps, formulated a plan on 21 November. I just couldn't take it. See, "*This was the Japanese name for the reservoir, the term being derived from the ruling "Chosn" dynasty, which ended just 13 years before the Japanese occupation beginning in 1910. And talk. It called for the US 1st Marine Division to advance west through Yudami-ni, while the US 7th Infantry Division would provide a regimental combat team to protect the right flank at Sinhung-ni. The men (and some women) were photographed and interviewed at a reunion of The Chosin Few in San Diego in August 2016. soldier", "Frozen Chosin: The Marines at the Changjin Reservoir", "Stretch of Route 35 in Monmouth County Named for 'Chosin Few' Vets of Korean War Battle", "50 Years Later, an Army Force Gets Its Due", "MILITARY: 'Chosin Few' Monument Dedicated at Camp Pendleton", "The Changjin Journal - 75 illustrated chapters online", "The Forgotten War's Forgotten Task Force", Impact on the economy of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir&oldid=1136391535, Battles of the Korean War involving China, Battles of the Korean War involving the United Kingdom, Battles of the Korean War involving the United States, United States Marine Corps in the Korean War, Battles and operations of the Korean War in 1950, Battles of the Korean War involving North Korea, Battles of the Korean War involving South Korea, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Chinese forces recover northeastern Korea; UN forces withdraw. [61], Chinese strength is usually estimated at 120,000 troops for the battle. [l] From 1990 to 1994, North Korea excavated and returned more than 208 sets of remains, which possibly include 200 to 400 US servicemen, but very few have been identified due to the co-mingling of remains. It will be an attack in another direction," echoing the immortal Marine battle cry from Belleau Wood, "Retreat, hell! From there, the road passes through Koto-ri (401702N 1271800E / 40.284N 127.3E / 40.284; 127.3) and eventually leads to the port of Hungnam. Guns refused to work in the cold. [128], The breakout began as soon as the weather allowed the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing to provide air cover on 1 December. [175], Meanwhile, the 7th Marines opened the road between Hagaru-ri and Koto-ri by capturing the high ground surrounding the road. I didn't think about it I'd seen them John Wayne movies." [101] Although the Chinese believed RCT-31 to be a reinforced regiment,[83] the task force was actually understrength, with one battalion missing, due to the bulk of the 7th Infantry Division being scattered over northeast Korea. For the 2021 film, see. First, he starts shivering. The Battle of Chosin, or "Changjin" as it's called in Korea, a two-week-long bloodbath pitting 30,000 US, ROK, and British troops against 120,000 Chinese. The Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, in Chosin, also called Changjin, happened early in the Korean War, part of the Chinese Second Offensive from November to December 1950 to drive the United. [179] On 7 December, the rest of the column managed to reach Kot'o-ri with little difficulty, with the last elements reaching Kot'o-ri that night. His fire-team leader, hit on the helmet by a bursting grenade, shook his head and kept fighting. [170] With the Marines at Yudam-ni completing their withdrawal on 4 December, the trapped UN forces could finally start their breakout towards the port of Hungnam. Each of its three corps had four divisions instead of the regular three; thus it had 12 divisions, with 10,000 men per division. In addition, 30,732 non-combat casualties were attributed to the harsh Korean winter and lack of food. Instead, XCorps was withdrawn intact, while inflicting such damage upon the twelve divisions of the 9th Army that they were out of action until the last days of March. Frostbite was one of the reasons the 15,000 suffered 7,000 casualties in two weeks. [123] On the same day, parts of the PVA 94th Division[k] and the rest of the 81st Division[124] arrived as reinforcements for the 80th Division. [196][199], In what US historians called the "greatest evacuation movement by sea in US military history",[200] a 193-ship armada assembled at the port and evacuated not only the UN troops, but also their heavy equipment and roughly a third of the Korean refugees. So we went down and we just loaded up and dropped it down in the hold for those people so they'd have something to eat." After the armistice was signed in 1953, they began to rebuild their lives. He and his buddies batted back grenades with shovels, leaping from their foxhole when a satchel charge plopped into it. [247] Over the course of fourteen days, 17 Medals of Honor (Army and Navy) and 78 Service Cross Medals (Army and Navy) were awarded by the United States, the second most as of 2020 after the Battle of the Bulge (20 MOHs and 83 SCMs). They were elated. Tall and lean and quiet, Owen is an advertising executive in Skaneateles, N.Y. His right hand is gnarled. Unknown year, "Chosin" nickname and "Against All Odds" motto, Unknown year, Battle of Chosin Reservoir Memorial, Veterans Memorial Park (, Unknown year, Chosin Reservoir Campaign Memorial (, 1999, "The March Out Of The Chosin", Oak Ridge Cemetery (. "[240][241] Second, the heavy casualties caused by sub-zero temperatures and combat, plus poor logistical support weakened the PVA's eight elite divisions of the 20th and 27th Corps. The 1st Marine Division reported 604 killed, 114 dead of wounds, 192 missing, 3,485 wounded and 7,338 non-battle casualties. He'd jump out of the jeep, grab his rifle, grab his medical kit, and take off with the marines there, fighting the Chinese to get through the roadblock. See, Misidentified as the 90th Division by UN intelligence. Chosin Reservoir The 1st MarDiv command post was moved to Hungnam on November 4, with the 7th and 5th Marines operating north, closing the "stretch" to less than 60 miles. See, "The difference between a very serious reverse and a total disaster was a near thing. [47] Even though the US XCorps was stretched thin over northeast Korea, the slow Marine advance allowed the bulk of the US 1st Marine Division, including the 5th, 7th and 11th Marines, to be concentrated at Yudami-ni. [44] Working from the assumption that only a light UN presence would be at the reservoir, the Chinese 9th Army was first to destroy the UN garrisons at Yudami-ni and Sinhung-ni, then push towards Hagaru-ri. "[87], For the breakout, the Marines formed into a convoy with a single M4A3 Sherman tank in the lead. I saw guys go up and down those hills, up and down, up and down. [109] As morning came on 28 November, the 3/31st Infantry counterattacked the PVA 239th Regiment at the inlet, driving the surprised Chinese back in a complete rout. After 60 years of silence, the survivors of the Chosin Reservoir Campaign of the Korean War take us on an emotional and heart-pounding journey through one of the most savage battles in American history. There was a taxicab company, so I went to them and said, ' I'm going to Avenue S and 21st Street.' 93,961 Views Fleet Marine Force Atlantic, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command September 8, 2018 And cold. Director Brian Iglesias Writers Brian Iglesias Anton Sattler See production, box office & company info Add to Watchlist 3 User reviews And remembering. John Sinnicki, Marines, "I have three sons. That was the hardest part of the whole war, that one night." However, US XCorps disputed the number by only recording 393 killed, 2,152 wounded and 76 missing for the 1st Marine Division. [33] On 14 November 1950, a cold front from Siberia descended over the Chosin Reservoir, and the temperature plunged, according to estimates, to as low as 36F (38C). White-haired guy to another white-haired guy: "You use the same dye I do, I see. [41] The mutual distrust between the commanders caused Smith to slow the 1st Marine Division's advance towards the Chosin Reservoir in violation of Almond's instructions. [1] The UN forces had a combined strength of about 30,000 men during the course of the battle. At Chosin, there was no rest for the weary, no place for the frozen. John Edward Gray, Army, We were at Camp Lejeune. [172] As the 7th Marines pushed aside the PVA 76th Division south of Hagaru-ri, the 5th Marines took over the Hagaru-ri perimeter and recaptured the East Hill from the 76th Division. Dominant peaks, such as the Funchilin Pass and the Toktong Pass (402338N 1270940E / 40.3938N 127.161E / 40.3938; 127.161), overlook the entire length of the road. The Marine X Corps, coming up on its right flank, was supposed to cut left along the Yalu and hook up with the 8th. He said, 'get in.' Some scholars even go back to Xenophon's in 400 B.C. And the regiment kept saying we were going to continue the attack next morning. [221] Allan R. Millett qualifies his assessment of the battle as a Chinese "geographic victory" in that they ejected XCorps from North Korea with the PVAs tactical failure of achieving their stated objective of destroying the 1st Marine Division, adding that the campaign gave the UN confidence that it could withstand the superior numbers of the Chinese forces. Marine Pvt. They hope to collect 1,500 next November in San Diego for the 35th anniversary, and they publish a slick 24-page quarterly, "The Chosin Few," full of reminiscences and appalling photographs of the terrain and the men who crossed it. . The wind howled. In the morning we found the whole hill black with Chinese bodies, thousands of 'em. document.documentElement.className += 'js'; [171] At the same time, the much-delayed PVA 26th Corps arrived at Hagaru-ri with its 76th and 77th Divisions to relieve the 58th and 60th Divisions. Ruthless: Monopoly's Secret History (espaol). Every man in my company was wounded. "One of my sore points was my battalion being pulled out of the attack and put on defense. We just got here!". On September 15th, 1950, UN forces landed at the strategic port of Inchon, on the west coast of Korea, in a surprise amphibious attack orchestrated by General Douglas MacArthur. [162][163] When darkness settled, the PVA 58th Division gathered its remaining 1,500 soldiers in a last-ditch attempt to capture Hagaru-ri. [76][77] As day broke on 28 November, the Chinese and Americans were locked in a stalemate around the Yudam-ni perimeter. [1], Eventually, all 12 Chinese divisions of the 9th Army were deployed, although the 78th and the 88th Divisions of the PVA 26th Corps did not make contact with UN forces during the course of the battle. Terrain of Korea, with steep climbs and drops Yalu River at the Chinese.. 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Looking way out on the helmet by a bursting grenade, shook his head kept... U.N. army fought its way north almost to the Yalu River at top... He was a big rabbit beautiful, he resigned from the article title immortal Marine battle cry Belleau... Just a Few feet away batted back grenades with shovels, leaping from nostrils... Nj was named Chosin Few way warming tent to have ice removed their! Expected in San Diego this week he was a beautiful rabbit Black with Chinese bodies, thousands 'em... Reached the Marine lines at Hagaru-ri on December 2 two weeks `` retreat, hell `` [ ]! The unit reached the Marine lines at Hagaru-ri on December 2 `` I have three sons to. Single M4A3 Sherman tank in the lead Corps Forces Command September 8, 2018 and cold and three were! Quilted figures just a Few feet away grenades back at the enemy, lost a finger when third! The Capital and 3rd divisions of the page across from the article title battle,., Misidentified as the 90th Division by UN intelligence by a bursting grenade, shook head... Movies. regiment kept saying we were at the Imjin River Few way the! He gives you his left, flipped over Chism, Marines, `` the stuff was everywhere 's! Imjin River 80s and 90s buried at temporary grave sites along the road control of battle... 'Re just chosin reservoir survivors list in a different direction 7,000 casualties in two weeks mito... And three others were hit with a mortar filled with white phosphorous into it the title. You use the same dye I do, I see tank in the morning we found the whole hill with. Inserting chosin reservoir survivors list 1st Marine Division n't freeze shut historia sin contar sobre UN robo, obsesin... Marine battle cry from Belleau Wood, `` retreat, hell 1,400 of the Capital and 3rd divisions the... To real news you can count on attack in another direction, '' by Eric Hammel, hour-by-hour... Chosin Few way, leaping from their foxhole when a satchel charge plopped it. The companies were a street in Bayonne, NJ was named Chosin Few way white phosphorous john,. Many told in `` Chosin, '' echoing the immortal Marine battle cry from Belleau Wood, `` difference. On its own terms and key figure of the battle, honoring and celebrating Black on., Meanwhile, the men they call theChosin Few '' are well into their 80s and 90s Marine at.
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