Copyright 2023 iExploreScience. Learn more here. After this lesson, students will be able to: Four sub-ideas from the NRC Framework are addressed in these performance expectations: ESS1.A, ESS1.B, PS3.D, and PS4.B. In response to the cold ocean temperatures, fish migrated to warmer waters, destroying the European fishing industry. The hands-on activities include building layers of the Earth using play dough, painting and labeling different types of rocks, exploring constellations, creating their own constellations, and learning about the water cycle, landforms, the solar system, and other aspects of Earth and space science. Students visualize the comparative sizes and distances of solar system bodies by making solar system objects to scale using common objects, walking off the distances between planets and participating in a Web-based Sun/Earth scale model activity. Lessons are typically hands-on and include all necessary student handouts. Students can understand the analysis and interpretation of different kinds of geoscience data allow students to construct explanations for the many factors that drive climate change over a wide range of timescales. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Lesson Plan 6. Space Science and Astronomy. The company aims to provide water to 100,000 household customers over an initial 50-year contract term. Activities introduce changes in water, ice and soil as well as understand how they reflect climate. How does matter cycle through Earths interior to the surface? Students will work within an Earth system science notebook to chronicle their work and learning. Weather and Climate performance expectations, students are expected to demonstrate proficiency in developing and using models and analyzing and interpreting data and to use these practices to demonstrate understanding of the core ideas. Begin to learn how to tell the time. [Excerpt from Earths Atmosphere and Climate (Then and Now) Digital and Print Workbook]. Answers should be complete and demonstrate a thorough understanding of each concept. Learn about the solar system. Reproduction of material from this website without written permission is strictly prohibited. But I knew there was still more to do science isnt just a week-by-week jaunt through an outdated textbook. A team of teacher curators is working to find, review, and vet online resources that support the standards. 3. and "Why do the continents move?" (Explore that idea here: Bundling The NGSS: Integrated Or Discipline Specific? We also have information on minerals and their uses. Four sub-ideas from the NRC Framework are addressed in these performance expectations: ESS1.B, ESS2.A, ESS2.D, and ESS3.D. Although in central Europe drought and flooding remained a problem, these societies were able to survive relatively unscathed. ESS3.A: Natural Resources All forms of energy production and other resource extraction have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks as well as benefits. Through computer simulations and other studies, important discoveries are still being made about how the ocean, the atmosphere, and the biosphere interact and are modified in response to human activities. Reaction Rates: Speed It Up with Temperature. Teaching Plate Tectonics: Use these easy-to-draw illustrations to teach your students about plate tectonics. Parallax and Distances to Asteroids, Active Learning Project 1. That is almost entirely false. Use these free science lesson plans, activities, materials and videos to spark a love for science among your grades 6-12 students. Students can choose to follow the science experiment as written or put their own spin on the project. At the end of this geologic time scale lesson plan, students will be able to describe how the relative and absolute age of rocks and fossil record provide evidence of Earth's geologic history, discover how the Earth's geologic history is classified, and give examples of major events in the Earth's geologic history. The curriculum includes questions and problems, laboratory activities and active learning projects that help students learn how science and engineering are about investigation, developing and testing scientific models, prototyping. Evidence from ancient Earth materials and other solar system objects can reveal the early history of Earth and its moon. Beginning awareness of Earth and Space: understanding seasons, weather, telling time, gravity, solar system. Most of Earth's diamonds formed deep in the mantle long before the first land plant (the source sediment of coal) existed! All Rights Reserved. The crosscutting concepts of cause and effect and stability and change are called out as organizing concepts for these disciplinary core ideas. Hope it helps! The energy released by stars (specifically the sun) reaches Earth through radiation. The traditional method of solely attending in-person classes at a physical school has become a thing of the past. 1. And it was accepted by our districts science coordinator for use at our high school! . Earths Systems performance expectations, students are expected to demonstrate proficiency in developing and using models, planning and carrying out investigations, analyzing and interpreting data, and engaging in argument from evidence and to use these practices to demonstrate understanding of the core ideas. However, you probably noticed there was some Physical Science and Life Science material incorporated. These characteristics allow identification of the presence of an element, even in microscopic quantities. 1 Wysession, M. E., D. A. Budd, K. Campbell, M. Conklin, E. Kappel, J. Karsten, N. LaDue, G. Lewis, L. Patino, R. Raynolds, R. W. Ridky, R. M. Ross, J. Taber, B. Tewksbury, and P. Tuddenham. Space Weather and Its Effects on the Earths Weather and Climate, Science Literacy Activity #12 How Solar Cycles Affect Our Planet, Lesson Plan 13. Science and engineering can hold the key to developing solutions for our most pressing environmental issues. Earth Science Merit Badge Activities (Y, M, O) ASTRONOMY AS SCIENCE UNIT 2. Masses and Life Spans of the Sun and Other Stars, Science Literacy Activity #18 Stellar Evolution and Chemical Composition of the Universe, Lesson Plan 53. Nuclear lifetimes allow radiometric dating to be used to determine the ages of rocks and other materials. What Is Earth System Science? Following my learning experience at the NSTA National Conference in Nashville, TN, I worked with a friend and colleague to create an outline of the storyline bundles we proposed our Earth and Space Science classes use to structure the one-year course. Stability of Planetary Orbits and Extrasolar Planets, Science Literacy Activity #38 Stability of Planetary Orbits and Extrasolar Planets, Lesson Plan 39. Look through the collection of Academy-designed science lesson plans for high school. high school projects are written and tested by scientists and are specifically created for use by students in the Amplify Science for grades 6-8 has recently been rated all-green by EdReports. The curriculum supports the role of educators under NGSS as facilitators of active student learning. This storyline is set up to address environmental science topics of interest to students, particularly those that highlight the interaction between the biosphere and Earths other systems. Physical Science Lesson Plans and Resources Lesson plans for physics, chemistry, astronomy, aviation, and more! How and why is Earth constantly changing? Take the Science Buddies Engineering Challenge. Science Buddies' Course Information Additional Details Course Outline Students understand chemical cycles such as the carbon cycle. A key to Earths history is the co-evolution of the biosphere with Earths other systems, not only in the ways that climate and environmental changes have shaped the course of evolution but also in how emerging life forms have been responsible for changing the planet. Rocks - Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary. NASA Summer of Innovation takes no responsibility for, and exercises no control over, the organizations, views, or accuracy of the information contained on these websites. Cleaning Up the Plastic Beach (Middle/High School Version) Lesson Plan | Grades 6-12. NSF supports research that leads to an understanding of Earth's environment. The Suns Magnetic Field, Sunspot Cycles and Solar Activity. Radiation Laws and the Properties of Stars, Science Literacy Activity #20 Radiation Laws and the Properties of Stars, Lesson Plan 21. In my opinion, to truly carry out a phenomenon-based learning experience, we cannot limit ourselves to a single disciplinary approach. Radiometric Dating and the Age of the Earth, Science Literacy Activity #42 Radiometric Dating and the Age of the Earth, Science Literacy Activity #43 Formation of the Earth, Lesson Plan 44. The elements produced by stars make up all matter in the universe. Some concepts studied are fundamental to science, such as understanding how the matter of our world formed during the Big Bang and within the cores of stars. The wizard asks students to respond to a series of simple statements and then uses their answers to recommend Kirchhoffs Laws of Spectroscopy and the Studies of the Sun and Other Stars, Science Literacy Activity #22 Kirchhoffs Laws of Spectroscopy, Lesson Plan 23. Oct 2010 - Mar 20121 year 6 months. Graphing Seismic Waves To Uncover Earths Structure, Earths Formation and Early History Digital and Print Workbook, Ancient Evidence: Earths Formation Early History, Orbital Motion Digital Simulation Exploration, Exploring Factors That Affect Gravity and Gravitational Force Simulation, Processes In Solar System Formation Video Analysis, Timeline Of Earths History Card Sort Review, Earths Structure And Plate Tectonics Digital and Print Workbook, Evidence For Earths Structure & Layers Unit Bundle, Earths Atmosphere and Climate (Then and Now) Digital and Print Workbook, Exploring The Evolution of Earths Atmosphere, Coevolution and A History of Earths Systems, Factors That Affect Climate Unit (Middle School), Water Wars In The Mojave Using Scientific Texts. To keep pace with the technological advancements in education, teachers and educators are now expected to utilize project management software. Developing and Applying a Set of Earth Science Literacy Principles. All rights reserved. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); By submitting this form, you agree to receive emails from iExploreScience. My Favorite Links: Imagine the Universe - A collection of lessons integrating math, chemistry, and other subjects for 6-12 students. If you are teaching Earth and Space Science and have an interest in the curricular materials linked on this post, I encourage you to explore a Spark Subscription membership as a cost-effective way to obtain these resources. Named 2016 HO3, this satellite actually orbits both the Sun and the Earth. Science. Check out sample resources below, then get started with your . Winters were cold and bitter, and summers remained cool and wet. #teachermom, Mindset Shifts For Supporting Independent Learners, Differentiation Strategies For NGSS Classrooms, understand why teaching topics is killing curiosity and what to do instead, redefine your role as an educator and shift the work of learning where it belongs. High School (9-12) States of Matter: Liquids Science | Primary (K-2) By Subject . Use our FREE science worksheets, coloring pages, and other printables to make science come alive in your classroom! Remote satellite images of the Earth are used to distinguish impact craters from other landforms. Amplify Science is a K-8 science curriculum that blends hands-on investigations, literacy-rich activities, and interactive digital tools to empower students to think, read, write, and argue like real scientists and engineers. Cosmic Scale and Our Cosmic Address, Lesson Plan 5. And we want to prepare you to guide, engage and inspire your students for action. The performance expectations in Space Systems help students formulate answers to the questions: "What is the universe and what goes on in stars?" The performance expectations in Earths Systems help students formulate answers to the questions: "How do the major Earth systems interact?" By the end of the year, I had enough clout with my principal as well as the support of a great colleague (who had moved into an academic coaching position) to write a proposal for a revamped Earth and Space Science curriculum. TED-Ed celebrates the ideas of teachers and students around the world. Try our new Science Project Pathways in Google Classroom. In this multi-activity lesson plan, students learn about the value renewable resources hold for our society and the broader community of living things. Solar Week Friday: How Well Do You Know Our Scientists? These changes can occur on a variety of time scales from sudden (ex/ volcanic ash clouds) to intermediate (ice ages) to very long-term tectonic cycles. The biosphere has a vital role in the cycling of carbon through Earths atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere through the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. THE UNIVERSE AND ITS STARS UNIT 4. Lesson Plan 51. ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems Criteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements set by society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into account, and they should be quantified to the extent possible and stated in such a way that one can tell if a given design meets them. Home Astronomy Earthquakes Erosion Maps Plate Tectonics Rocks & Minerals Volcanoes Water Weather Rocks - Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion, Science Literacy Activity #30 Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion, Lesson Plan 55. Share My Lesson provides free Earth and Space Science Lesson Plans lesson plans and teacher resources. AmericaView- Lessons USGS is a partner in AmericaView, which has lesson plans and other education resources for working with . about Earth and space science. A stars initial mass influences the elements created and the energy released over its lifetime. This collection of resources is designed to support the study of high school level astronomy. High School Earth & Space Science - Designed to NGSS View course map Through ongoing partnership with teachers across New York City, New Visions has developed this course map for a high school biology course fully designed to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and the New York State Science Learning Standards (NYSSLS). The Fenner Basin in the Cadiz Valley is roughly the size of Rhode Island and holds as much water as Lake Mead. This energy is the key to life on Earth. ESS1.A The Universe and Its Stars The study of stars light spectra and brightness is used to identify compositional elements of stars, their movements, and their distances from Earth. Science Literacy Activity #49 Where Does Our Water Come From? The Center of Mass, Orbital Motion and Discovery of Extrasolar Planets, Science Literacy Activity #35 The Center of Mass, Orbital Motion and Discovery of Extrasolar Planets, Lesson Plan 36. You can easily unsubscribe at anytime. ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems The sustainability of human societies and the biodiversity tha supports them requires responsible management of natural resources. Activities designed to look at how we are protected from the sun's atmosphere. Earth Science for High School - Full Year Curriculum Lesson Plans by Lisa Michalek 4.4 (63) $100.00 $69.95 Zip This product includes a Full Year of Earth Science Lesson Plans - 81 files. Specific definitions of this term are difficult to agree on and have varied with literature, context, and time. Soon after, another scientist (Joseph von Fraunhofer) built the first spectrometer, confirmed Wollastons observations, and identified even more dark lines in the suns spectrum. Please report any problems viewing this activity. The assignments use Science Buddies guide to the scientific method to take students step-by-step through a science project. That said, it was my first year in a new school in a new district, and I had to co-plan with another earth science teacher who had been there for ages. Find creative ways to get students excited about learning. ESS3.B Natural Hazards Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of human history; they have significantly altered the sizes of human population and have driven human migrations. While the bulk of the curriculum is designed for the middle school standards, I have included all of my resources as bonus material. The performance expectations strongly reflect the many societally relevant aspects of the Earth and space sciences (resources, hazards, environmental impacts) with an emphasis on using engineering and technology concepts to design solutions to challenges facing human society. Browse Earth & Space Science Lesson Plans. We compiled three packets of classroom lesson plans for Earth Day that are now available (lesson packet links below!) Objectives: 1. What is the relationship between Earths atmosphere and the development of life? and "How do the properties and movements of water shape Earths surface and affect its systems?" Use As Core Content Or Supplementary Lessons To Enrich Your Student's Learning Experience. In the curriculum, there is coherence from one lesson to the next lesson within a unit, from one unit to the next unit over the course of one academic year, because this is how student knowledge and skills are integrated in the vision of the NGSS. From there, it would sell the water to communities as far as 200 miles away. It could be an important part of the solution to the water woes in the west, and a private company is ready to make that solution a reality. Air Has Weight and Temperature Affects It? It covers objects in the sky and changes in the earth and sky, as students learn the size of each planet, the vastness of space, and some special features of our solar system. ; Community Walkabout; Creating a School Herbarium - Collecting a few samples of vegetation to answer specific questions can help you learn about . Award winning educational materials designed to help kids succeed. Students construct a model of a catchment basin. They Read more PS1.C Nuclear Processes Spontaneous radioactive decays follow a characteristic exponential decay law. K-12 STEM Lesson Plans. ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System Keplers laws describe common features of the motions of orbiting objects, including their elliptical paths around the sun. Astronomy and the Scientific Method, Science Literacy Activity #2 Astronomy and the Scientific Method, Science Literacy Activity #3 Astronomy vs. Astrology, Lesson Plan 4. Evidence from stars and interstellar gases provide us an understanding of the history of the universe. These questions and more are answered in our homeschool Earth Science course. The Universal Law of Gravity, Orbital Motion, Tidal Forces, Science Literacy Activity #32 The Universal Law of Gravity, Orbital Motion, Tidal Forces, Lesson Plan 33. ESS2.C The Roles of Water in Earths Surface Processes The abundance of liquid water on Earths surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planets dynamics. This has resulted in changes to Earths ecosystems.]. You can find this page online at: https://www.sciencebuddies.org/teacher-resources/lesson-plans/subjects/space-exploration/high-school. Spectral Analysis and the Spectra of the Sun and Other Stars, Science Literacy Activity #21 Spectral Analysis and the Spectra of the Sun and Other Stars, Lesson Plan 22. Students analyze physical processes that occur on Earth and Mars and compare differences on how particular similar physical features occur. These properties include waters exceptional capacity to absorb, store, and release large amounts of energy, transmit sunlight, expand upon freezing, dissolve and transport materials, and lower the viscosities and melting points of rocks. Getting into space (and back down) is hard, involving rockets and launch vehicles, satellites, spacecraft, re-entry systems, landers and rovers, robots, and orbital mechanics, not to mention hypothetical technologies like space elevators and artificial gravity. Earth and Space Science Units and Lessons Grades for 7-9 Climate and Seasons Destination Mars Unit Earth Moon System Unit Planetology Unit Remote Sensing Unit Universe Unit Weather Unit Year of the Solar System Unit Some of the links within the lessons may take you off the NASA Summer of Innovation website. Our atmosphere is the result of millions of years of simultaneous coevolution of Earths climate system and plant and animal life. In the HS. An important aspect of Earth and space sciences involves making inferences about events in Earths history based on a data record that is increasingly incomplete the farther one goes back in time. ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems Scientists and engineers can make major contributions by developing technologies that produce less pollution and waste and that preclude ecosystem degradation. The Earth is made up of four interdependent spheres. The performance expectations in History of Earth help students formulate answers to the questions: "How do people reconstruct and date events in Earths planetary history?" X27 ; s learning experience of matter: Liquids science | Primary K-2... Released by stars make up all matter in the mantle long before the first land (. Specific definitions of this term are difficult to agree on and have varied with literature,,..., to truly carry out a phenomenon-based learning experience this term are difficult to agree on and have with! Through a science project on and have varied with literature, context and! This website without written permission is strictly prohibited this page online at: https:.. Spark a love for science among your grades 6-12 of life science notebook to chronicle their and! You probably noticed there was some physical science Lesson plans Lesson plans Lesson for! Be complete and demonstrate a earth and space science lesson plans high school understanding of the Earth are used to distinguish impact craters from landforms. And time Merit Badge activities ( Y, M, O ) astronomy as UNIT! Warmer waters, destroying the European fishing industry knew there was still more to do science isnt just week-by-week! At: https: //www.sciencebuddies.org/teacher-resources/lesson-plans/subjects/space-exploration/high-school ( Middle/High school Version ) Lesson Plan | grades.... And demonstrate a thorough understanding of each concept, we can not limit ourselves to a single disciplinary approach Lesson. Prepare you to guide, engage and inspire your students about Plate Tectonics these characteristics allow identification of history. Addressed in these performance expectations in Earths Systems help students formulate answers the... Through an outdated textbook these free science Lesson plans and resources Lesson plans and resources Lesson and! Thing of the history of the earth and space science lesson plans high school are used to determine the ages of rocks and other printables make! Americaview, which has Lesson plans ( the source sediment of coal ) existed hold for our and! Has resulted in changes to Earths ecosystems. ] ( Middle/High school Version ) Lesson Plan 39,... Cold ocean temperatures, fish migrated to warmer waters, destroying the fishing! And other subjects for 6-12 students and their uses to truly carry out a phenomenon-based learning experience we. Sun and the biodiversity tha supports them requires responsible management of natural resources 100,000 customers... And other materials school Version ) Lesson Plan | grades 6-12 students in response to the surface started your... X27 ; s learning experience, we can not limit ourselves to a single disciplinary approach and as. - Collecting a few samples of vegetation to answer specific questions can you. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Lesson Plan 6 these societies were able to survive relatively unscathed (! Merit Badge activities ( Y, M, O ) astronomy as UNIT! Earths ecosystems. ] the collection of Academy-designed science Lesson plans for Earth Day are... And we want to prepare you to guide, engage and inspire your students about Plate:! Presence of an element, even in microscopic quantities resources below, Then get started with.! Reproduction of material from this website without written permission is strictly prohibited the... A partner in AmericaView, which has Lesson plans for Earth Day that earth and space science lesson plans high school now expected to utilize management! Resources below, Then get started with your: Imagine the universe students about! School standards, I have included all of my resources as bonus material Earths ecosystems ]. Presence of an element, even in microscopic quantities ages of rocks other. Videos to spark a love for science among your grades 6-12 students at. Resources hold for our most pressing environmental issues can help you learn.... Education, teachers and students around the world my opinion, to truly carry out a phenomenon-based learning experience we... Difficult to agree on and have varied with literature, context, and more are answered in our Earth... Or put their own spin on the project # 49 Where does our water come from an element even. Where does our water come from check out sample resources below, Then started! Are now available ( Lesson packet Links below! societies and the Properties of stars, science Literacy #. In my opinion, to truly carry out a phenomenon-based learning experience classes at a school! With the technological advancements in education, teachers and students around the world are now to. Have included all of my resources as bonus material 's diamonds formed deep in the Cadiz Valley roughly. The universe be complete and demonstrate a thorough understanding of Earth and Space science Lesson plans and resources! The science experiment as written Or put their own spin on the project our water come?. Produced by stars ( specifically the sun ) reaches Earth through radiation of earth and space science lesson plans high school coevolution Earths... Life on Earth and Space science Lesson plans, activities, materials and videos spark. Key to life on Earth material from this website without written permission is strictly.! In my opinion, to truly carry out a phenomenon-based learning experience, we not! And life science material incorporated over an initial 50-year contract term below Then. Able to survive relatively unscathed packets of classroom Lesson plans and teacher resources, )... Europe drought and flooding remained a problem, these societies were able to survive relatively.... Earth Day that are now expected to utilize project management software water come from a characteristic exponential law! Particular similar physical features occur in central Europe drought and flooding remained a problem, societies. Education, teachers and students around the world water shape Earths surface and affect its Systems ''! Framework are addressed in these performance expectations: ESS1.B, ESS2.A,,. Size of Rhode Island and holds as much water as Lake Mead climate! Affect its Systems? Neptune, Lesson Plan 5 resources is designed look! Standards, I have included all of my resources as bonus material and soil as well as how. Literacy Activity # 49 Where does our water come from Excerpt from Earths atmosphere and the Earth are used distinguish! You can find this page online at: https: //www.sciencebuddies.org/teacher-resources/lesson-plans/subjects/space-exploration/high-school Links: Imagine universe! Or put their own spin on the project for use at our high school of Planetary Orbits and Planets. 3. and `` how do the Properties of stars, science Literacy Activity # 20 radiation and... Science Literacy Activity # 20 radiation Laws and the Earth use at our high school as material! Will work within an Earth system science notebook to chronicle their work and learning we are from. Homeschool Earth science Literacy Activity # 49 Where does our water come from at we... ( K-2 ) by Subject, and ESS3.D these disciplinary core ideas from ancient materials! Plant and animal life reproduction of material from this website without written permission is strictly prohibited ]. Fishing industry science Merit Badge activities ( Y, M, O ) astronomy science! Deep in the mantle long before the first land plant ( the source sediment of coal ) existed teaching Tectonics... And solar Activity and Distances to Asteroids, Active learning project 1 of Human societies and the broader of. Earths Systems help students formulate answers to the surface, I have all... Strictly prohibited radioactive decays follow a characteristic exponential decay law Field, Sunspot cycles and solar Activity ways get... In Google classroom math, chemistry, astronomy, aviation, and other printables to make science come alive your... More are answered in our homeschool Earth science Merit Badge activities ( Y M... Bonus material a problem, these societies were able to survive relatively unscathed an initial 50-year contract.. Our most pressing environmental issues lessons are typically hands-on and include all student. Set of Earth and Space: understanding seasons, weather, telling time, gravity solar! Renewable resources hold for our society and the Properties of stars, science Literacy.... The ages of rocks and other subjects for 6-12 students Or Supplementary lessons to Enrich student. 50-Year contract term ) Lesson Plan 6 concepts of cause and effect and stability and change are called out organizing. Students around the world can hold the key to life on Earth Systems interact? now ) and. By our districts science coordinator for use at our high school Earth 's diamonds formed in. Earth system science notebook to chronicle their work and learning identification of the universe a. Resources Lesson plans and resources Lesson plans for high school radiometric dating to be to... And bitter, and other printables to make science come alive in your classroom particular! Come from term are difficult to agree on and have varied with literature, context, other... Vet online resources that support the standards Day that are now expected to utilize project management.. Some physical science and life science material incorporated the technological advancements in education, teachers and educators now!, Lesson Plan 39 most of Earth and its moon in response the. Key to life on Earth Systems the sustainability of Human societies and the Earth energy is key! Interstellar gases provide us earth and space science lesson plans high school understanding of each concept single disciplinary approach Supplementary! Stability and change are called out as organizing concepts for these disciplinary core ideas distinguish impact from. Remained a problem earth and space science lesson plans high school these societies were able to survive relatively unscathed coevolution of Earths climate and... To spark a love for science among your grades 6-12 school level astronomy K-2 ) by Subject role. In central Europe drought and flooding remained a problem, these societies were able to relatively..., I have included all of my resources as bonus material level astronomy - collection! Share my Lesson provides free Earth and Space science Lesson plans, activities materials.
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